Thursday, December 26, 2019

Analysis Of Sonny s Blue By James Baldwin Essay - 1004 Words

â€Å"Sonny’s Blue† by James Baldwin is a story about two brothers who grew up in poverty. One brother went on to become a teacher, while the other pursued his dreams to become a musician and finds himself in prison due to drug use. The story begins with the narrator finding out about Sonny’s arrest. It’s easy to see his shock and almost disbelief. It takes the narrator a while to write to Sonny, but eventually he does, and they regain communication with one another after over a year of silence. Sonny is released from prison and goes to stay with the narrator and his family. He is staying clean, and he continues to pursue his dreams of making music. The narrator also finally sees that Sonny is very talented and that music really was his calling. The two brothers are very different, though they grew up in the same setting. They have different ways of escaping Harlem, they have different aspirations and goals, and they have different personalities and views on life. From the beginning of the story, it is clear that the brothers have different views of Harlem and how to become successful. The oldest of the two, the narrator, who remains unnamed, became successful after returning from war and became a teacher. He wed and had a family. Sonny, the younger brother, was successful in a sense because he got out of Harlem, but at the same sense, he fell into drug use and wound up in prison, trapped behind bars. The narrator sees the drug use and the poverty in Harlem, but he chooses toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 916 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin’s story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† tells the tale of two African-American brothers trying to survive in 1950s America. Both struggle with darkness in their lives, from drugs to bottling up emotions. The following sources were found Literature Research Center’s website. Each of the four sources will be evaluated for the quality of their information, as w ell as their usefulness on the topic of darkness in â€Å" â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†. Flibbert, Joseph. Sonny s Blues: Overview. Reference Guide to ShortRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 933 Words   |  4 Pagesstory. Blues is a genre of music that is often used to express a sad mood. The contradictory lives of the two brothers contribute to the theme of being safe and take risks. In this story, James Baldwin writes about two brothers who were raised together. As time passed, they separated from one another and lived completely different lives. â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin addresses the themes of finding comfort in music, dangers of addiction and the suffering of two brothers. First, Baldwin uses theRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 1578 Words   |  7 PagesJames Baldwin’s short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† was a great tale of the struggles shared between two brothers in Harlem in 1957. This story is about two African American brothers who, unfortunately, grew apart as the aged. The plot shows the struggles the two brothers faced as they grew up in Harlem, and in return, the two drastically different paths they perused. James Baldwin was an African American who grew up in Harlem in the 1930s and 40s. Baldwin was the oldest of nine children, and grew upRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues Essay2104 Words   |  9 PagesSeveral dialectics are at play in James Baldwin’s short story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† including a dialectic between the narrator and his beloved brother Sonny involving their opposing responses to the sense of oppression and limitation that arises from living in Har lem. This dialectic and its resolution closely parallel Baldwin’s masterful use of Blues, Jazz, and Gospel music. We follow the narrator and his brother Sonny as they traverse the complexities of their individual and interconnected Harlem livesRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Sonny s Blue `` By James Baldwin1474 Words   |  6 Pages Music can be the lead to freedom from darkness. The story â€Å"Sonny’s Blue† by James Baldwin takes places in Harlem around the 1950’s. The story is about two brothers. One of the brothers is the narrator of the story whose name is unknown. The narrator tells the story of the struggles in Harlem but mainly the struggles of his brother with drugs, and his passion for jazz music. Through out the story the narrator avoids giving a sense of his own struggles with himself. However, in the end the readerRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny Blues 1753 Words   |  8 Pagesiniquity, gloom, or without light. In the short novel Sonny Blues by James Baldwin, the word â€Å"darkness† appeared frequently throughout the reading. I think the significan ce of darkness of this particular situation of this book that Baldwin is trying to present is fear and suffering. It shows how the characters are in the state of panic and fear, of the situation they are in and all the sufferings they have to go through. Connecting the Baldwin to the novel, Harlem; where the story takes place isRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 1366 Words   |  6 Pagesand dark ultimately guides Sonny and the narrator in their journey to overcome their internal struggles. In the short story Sonny’s Blues, James Baldwin uses darkness and light to show struggles and, transformation as both brothers teeter between the different shades of the blues, using music as a way to bring them both to redemption. Often times, when light is used in stories, readers can very easily relate the idea to happiness and following the right path. Baldwin uses light to illustrate whatRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 995 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin presents an emotional journey through Harlem in the 1950’s with his short story, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues.† From the beginning, the story is in medias res when the unnamed narrator is informed of bad news concerning his younger, troubled brother, Sonny. Throughout the story there is an ocean of emotions witnessed between these two brothers as they battle hardships from their past and present time. The setting plays an important role in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† to an extent where it is practically a characterRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesntroduction: James Baldwin, author of Sonny s Blues, once said, I grew up with music...much more than with any other language. In a way, the music I grew up with saved my life (Session 3 Inquiry: Rudolfo Anaya and James Baldwin, 2015).   Blues becomes Sonny s drug and his addiction to it his salvation.       Even though the adults refrain from lamenting their sufferings directly to the children and telling them about the darkness, the child-narrator still intimates its marks in their facesRead MoreAnalysis Of James Baldwin s Sonny s Blues 1292 Words   |  6 Pages James Baldwin was raised in poverty in Harlem where, at the age of fourteen, he became a preacher in the Fireside Pentecostal Church. After high school he decided to become a writer and with the help of the black American expatriate writer Richard Wright, won a grant that enabled him to move to Paris, where he lived most of his remaining years. He wrote a variety of novels mostly about the intellectual trials of black men in a white, racist society and homosexual themes. James Baldwin wrote â€Å"Sonny’s

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

The Picino Productions Portrayal of Shakespeare’s The...

The Picino Production with Al Picino, Jeremy Iroris and Joseth Fiennes (2004) of Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice is one that has remarkable visual and performative choices that alter the way in which certain characters may be portrayed on paper. In this performance, Portia is racist as she insults the Prince of Morocco because he is a man of color. Portia’s performance is presented in a jovial manner even though the implications of her actions are of a serious matter. Portia chuckles with Nerissa in the midst of revealing her opinions about her suitors. This becomes an inside joke for the two women, especially Portia because the men think she is vested in wanting a suitor through the will of her father. This conversation takes place†¦show more content†¦His interior is displayed on the outside in the presence of Portia by his white robe. The robe symbolizes his innocence and humanizes the Prince past the outer layer that Portia sees. The interpretation of the directors in this scene reveals the reality of Portia’s character. Staging their conversation in a public space juxtaposes Portia’s feelings in public as opposed to her feelings in private with Nerissa. In presenting the private conversation as jovial, Portia’s disinterest and uncaringness for her possible suitors is evident. Likewise, the choice of dressing the Prince in white in the presence of Portia shows the production’s attempt to bring out the Princ e’s inside and in a sense making him appear â€Å"white† for Portia to change her mind about him. By doing this, the production allows the audience to understand the racism in Portia as she still makes hint to his â€Å"fairness† or lack thereof. The production does a great job in contrasting Portia’s private life and her public life which shows Portia’s racism. In contrasting the public and private sphere, the production strengthens the contrast between the Portia and The Prince’s inner and outer identities and the way in which these identifications are affected. In the choice of clothing and expression in the scenes mentioned above Portias racist and selfish nature is in direct contrast to the Princes humility and earnestness to please

Monday, December 9, 2019

Art Craft in Nikolay Gogol’s “The Portrait” Essay Example For Students

Art Craft in Nikolay Gogol’s â€Å"The Portrait† Essay The short story of N. V. Gogol â€Å"The Portrait† is built on the opposition of art and craft concepts to each other. Many Gogolists noted this in their works. The opposition of these two concepts arises from the beginning. Pictures in the shop, where Tchartkoff accidentally wandered, cause admiration of the people and the artists perplexity. He sincerely does not understand what exactly attracts the people in these simple pictures, in which everything is caricatured, implausible, deliberate, unfeeling. The protagonist mentally named them, â€Å"simple dullness, steady-going incapacity, which stood, through self-will, in the ranks of art† The Portrait. With his artist instinct, Tchartkoff snatches from the all portraiture truly tableaus — it is no coincidence that he stops in front of the portrait of the old man and freezes. Still not suspecting that, in front of him is not quite an ordinary work, Tchartkoff feels the power of the brush of the artist who painted the portrait. The nature of these pictures differs, the nature of the inspiration itself, by the will of which they were created. Creativity (pictorial, musical, architectural, literary) — is a kind of attempt to overcome disharmony, arising as a result of internal contradictions of a person or rejection of the surrounding reality. When creating a work, an author transforms his tormenting doubts in artistic images, engaged in a dialogue with himself and the addressee. Art is designed to harmonize the human soul (an author and a probable reader) and its surrounding reality, that is why true works of art are always perfect and harmonious in the unity of all their structural elements. This is the main difference from graphomaniac experiments in the literary, from music, satisfies the unpretentious requests of the masses, paintings created by order — from what is now called popular culture, pop, kitsch. Art — the creative impulse of the soul; craft — a means of earning. Art is alive by nature; craft, outwardly pretended by creativity, — dead. The creator by nature, Tchartkoff catches exactly this difference. But to feel, understand creativity, be talented and serve the arts — not the same thing. Tchartkoff loses his remarkable abilities in pursuit of fashion, money, fame. As soon as life gets confronted him with a choice of art or craft, he chooses the second. The sparkle of his talent gradually fades away. At the end of the first part of the story we are faced with an angry man, who understands that he has exchanged his talent for a luxurious life and honors, in which, to his regret, a talent couldn’t be developed — too much distracting vanity. Also, wealth and fame provide comfort, dull the senses, exacerbated in difficult situations. The ability of delicate sensibilities and awareness of the imperfection of reality causes disharmony to some extent necessary for the creative process. Tchartkoff can not resist the temptation and buys himself a fame and glory for money, which dropped out from under the frame of a mysterious portrait. At the first time, his gift of the artist still makes itself felt: Tchartkoff tries not only to fulfill orders, but to create — he enjoys working, with a dying breath he catches the shades, does not notice how time is running. However, the lady who ordered the portrait does not want to see what it really is, she wants her daughter to be different, not the same as in life: without slightly yellowish skin, without a faintly visible blue under her eyes, without dark spots on her face. In other words, the customer wishes her daughter to become â€Å"an absolute,† perfection. But the external perfection is cold and dead, it does not become alive, life-giving. It does not become art. Tchartkoff tries to resist, seeks to give the portrait more similarity with the original, But not so much to remain faithful to his calling, as â€Å"lest any one should accuse him of actual barefaced flattery. † The Portrait. At this moment, when he is working on the first custom order, Tchartkoff seems to be at a crossroads. Being, like the hero of â€Å"The Queen of Spades,† at the crossroads, Tchartkoff chooses one of the two possible ways. A quick success does not bring him happiness, it is a mirage, an illusion that crumbles to dust when compared to real art. Sent from Italy, the work by one of Tchartkoffs friends of youth strikes not only him, but also all without exception: When Tchartkoff entered the room, he found a crowd of visitors already collected before the picture. The most profound silence, such as rarely settles upon a throng of critics, reigned over all. Adventures Of Huck Finn Estimation EssayTchartkoffs story is only the first part of the story, from which we learn almost nothing about the portrait itself, acquired by a young artist. We do not know who is depicted in the portrait, how the portrait ends up in the shop, where Tchartkoff wandered, when and by whom it was painted. The only thing that can be said, — that the portrait was painted by a true Artist: â€Å"Dusty and defaced as the portrait was, Tchartkoff saw, when he had succeeded in removing the dirt from the face, traces of the work of a great artist. The portrait appeared to be unfinished, but the power of the handling was striking. The Portrait. One thing surprises: the portrait is also a work of art, why there is no desire in it, an inner predisposition to harmony, why does it provoke envy, anger, destruction? The picture is unusual, strange, â€Å"They (the eyes) fairly gazed out of the portrait, destroying its harmony with their strange liveliness. † The Portrait. There is no harmony in the portrait, although it is written by a talented artist. But the master who created it, says: â€Å"I will only say that I painted him with repugnance: I felt no liking for my work, even at the time. I tried to force myself, and, stifling every emotion in a hard-hearted way, to be true to nature. † The Portrait. The portrait depicts a gombeen-man (this, as well as the history of the creation of the portrait, is told in the second part of the story), possessing a strange dark force, â€Å"That’s how I ought to paint the Devil! † The Portrait — the artist thinks about the old man. The devils power, enclosed in a portrait frame, destroys the harmony of the picture. The work of art stops being great, the portrait becomes only a window through which the forces of evil can find ones way into the world. The portrait of a gombeen-man destroys not only its own harmony, harmony of one picture, but it seems to rebel against art in general: in the first part of the story it tells us the story of the ruined talent of Tchartkoff, in the second — the story of the creator of the portrait, his struggle with the devils power, which enslaved his will and talent: working on a picture for the church, he had bestowed the usurers eyes upon all the figures. The Portrait. The impure force takes possession of the artists soul, he can not get rid of its influence. The devilish force in â€Å"The Portrait† is not naughty — it desperately and gloomily tries to destroy the Artist, prevent to bring harmony to the world that came out under his brush. For a while, genius and art are enslaved by the devils power. However, the true art and the desire for harmony in it are still stronger. True to his vocation, the artist moves away from the worldly vanity, lives as an ascetic, at last reached enlightenment, creates a wonderful picture: â€Å"At the end of the year the picture was ready. It was a really wonderful work. Neither prior nor brethren knew much about painting; but all were struck with the marvellous holiness of the figures. † The Portrait. Thus, a true artist, true to his vocation and path can be broken for a while by the evil spirit, but to overcome — never. The novel â€Å"The Portrait† by Nikolay Gogol — the story of two artists which have been tested by the diabolical temptation: Tchartkoff by glory and money, the creator of the portrait by the ability to portray â€Å"the spirit of darkness. † One of them remains true to himself and serves the arts, the other — loses his talent, and then himself. You have talent: talent is the most priceless of God’s gifts† The Portrait, Ð ° â€Å"An intimation of God’s heavenly paradise is contained for the artist in art† The Portrait, therefore art is above all, stronger than the devils power. It does not tolerate a fussy chase of fame, money, success, it requires hard work and dilution of the master in his work, full immersion in creativity. Art gives strength to resist destruction and evil, to withstand the devils temptation. It helps to preserve or restore harmony in the soul of the creator and people.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Social Security Association Essays - Social Security,

Social Security Association The Social Security Act was created because of two separate factors, the Industrial Revolution, and the Great Depression. B efore these two events , which shaped the United States to what we know it as today , security for senior citizens had c o me from another source. In this time , prior to the 1930's , America was almost entirely an agricultural nation. A typical life in this period was grow ing up on the farm working the land until people were too old to do it any longer . Once this occurred , extended famil ies would take care of family members until they had passed away, so there was no need for social security. But, as all good things must end , so did th e fairy tale where blood was thicker than water. The Industrial R evolution was what had started it by making the extended family and the family farm less common sources of what was financial security. Then, the Great Depres sion finished off this metamorphosis , so to speak , by making things so economically difficult that it was every family and family member for themselves. Thus, the Social Security Act was born. On June 8th, 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt first spoke of his idea of a social security program to Congress. To tackle the actual creation of such a policy , the President appointed , by Executive Order , the c ommittee on Economic Security. The committee was told to examine the entire problem of economic insecurity and then devise a plan to help those most in need. In early 1935 , the committee made its report to President Roosevelt and by January 17 th , he had introduced the findings of the committee to both houses of Congress so that their idea could be considered. Soon , the houses of Congress could come to a majority decision as the Social Security Act was signed into law on August 14 th , 1935. One of the first things that this act did was establish a bipartisan Social Security Board made up of 3 members who were chosen specifically by the president. The original members of this board included John G. Winant, Arthur J. Altmeyer, and Vincent M. Miles. The duties of the SSB encompassed such things as delegating to the public how earnings were to be reported and the benefits that would be available to them. For Social Security to be effective , the United States government had much more to do. The biggest thing on this to-do list was to register all employers and employees by the deadline January 1 st , 1937 . It would be then that they would start receiving credits towards their old age insurance benefits. To complete this task, the government contracted with the United States Postal Service to deliver applications to the American people. Over 35 million SSN cards were issued via this mass registration between 1936 and 1937 alo ne. Through the Social Security Act , monthly benefits were to begin in 1942. So , from 1937 up until this time, the U.S. paid out single lump-sum payments to retirees. The first man to receive such a payment was Ernest Ackerman, a retired Cleveland motorman. Acker retired the following day of the beginning of this act for which he received a payment o f only 17 cents. This amount was far below the average of $58.06 at the time . The first amendments to the Social Security Act took place in 1939. The amendments added two new benefits, which included payment s to the spouse and underage children of a retired worker , and to the family of a worker in the event of a premature death. The 1939 amendments also increased the benefit amounts which had also quickened the start of monthly benefit checks from 194 0 to 194 2. The next set of amendments were enacted in 1950. These specific amendments were to increase the amount of the benefits which a t the time were still very low. In fact , until 1951, welfare assistance for the elderly exceeded the amount of Social Security benefits. A COLA or cost-of-living-adjustment was first

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Boyles Law Worked Sample Chemistry Problem

Boyle's Law Worked Sample Chemistry Problem If you trap a sample of air and measure its volume at different pressures (constant temperature), then you can determine a relation between volume and pressure. If you do this experiment, you will find that as the pressure of a gas sample increases, its volume decreases. In other words, the volume of a gas sample at constant temperature is inversely proportional to its pressure. The product of the pressure multiplied by the volume is a constant: PV k or V k/P or P k/V where P is pressure, V is volume, k is a constant, and the temperature and quantity of gas are held constant. This relationship is called Boyles Law, after Robert Boyle, who discovered it in 1660. Key Takeaways: Boyle's Law Chemistry Problems Simply put, Boyles states that for a gas at constant temperature, pressure multiplied by volume is a constant value. The equation for this is PV k, where k is a constant.At a constant temperature, if you increase the pressure of a gas, its volume decreases. If you increase its volume, the pressure decreases.The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.Boyles law is a form of the Ideal Gas Law. At normal temperatures and pressures, it works well for real gases. However, at high temperature or pressure, it is not a valid approximation. Worked Example Problem The sections on the General Properties of Gases and Ideal Gas Law Problems may also be helpful when attempting to work Boyles Law problems. Problem A sample of helium gas at 25Â °C is compressed from 200 cm3 to 0.240 cm3. Its pressure is now 3.00 cm Hg. What was the original pressure of the helium? Solution Its always a good idea to write down the values of all known variables, indicating whether the values are for initial or final states. Boyles Law problems are essentially special cases of the Ideal Gas Law: Initial: P1 ?; V1 200 cm3; n1 n; T1 T Final: P2 3.00 cm Hg; V2 0.240 cm3; n2 n; T2 T P1V1 nRT (Ideal Gas Law) P2V2 nRT so, P1V1 P2V2 P1 P2V2/V1 P1 3.00 cm Hg x 0.240 cm3/200 cm3 P1 3.60 x 10-3 cm Hg Did you notice that the units for the pressure are in cm Hg? You may wish to convert this to a more common unit, such as millimeters of mercury, atmospheres, or pascals. 3.60 x 10-3 Hg x 10mm/1 cm 3.60 x 10-2 mm Hg 3.60 x 10-3 Hg x 1 atm/76.0 cm Hg 4.74 x 10-5 atm Source Levine, Ira N. (1978). Physical Chemistry. University of Brooklyn: McGraw-Hill.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Commodore Isaac Hull in the War of 1812

Commodore Isaac Hull in the War of 1812 Born March 9, 1773, in Derby, CT, Isaac Hull was the son of Joseph Hull who later took part in the American Revolution.  In the course of the fighting, Joseph served as an artillery lieutenant and was captured in 1776 following the Battle of Fort Washington. Imprisoned in HMS Jersey, he was exchanged two years later and assumed command of a small flotilla on Long Island Sound.   Following the end of the conflict, he entered the merchant trade sailing to the West Indies as well as whaling.   It was through these endeavors that Isaac Hull first experienced the sea.   Young when his father died, Hull was adopted by his uncle, William Hull. Also a veteran of the American Revolution, he would earn infamy for surrendering Detroit in 1812.   Though William wished his nephew to obtain a college education, the younger Hull desired to return to sea and, at age fourteen, became a cabin boy on a merchant vessel. Five years later, in 1793, Hull earned his first command captaining a merchant ship in the West Indies trade.   In 1798, he sought out and obtained a lieutenants commission in the newly re-formed US Navy.   Serving aboard the frigate USS Constitution (44 guns), Hull earned the respect of Commodores Samuel Nicholson and Silas Talbot.   Engaged in the Quasi-War with France, the US Navy sought out French vessels in the Caribbean and Atlantic.   On May 11, 1799, Hull led a detachment of  Constitutions sailors and marines in seizing the French privateer Sandwich near Puerto Plata, Santo Domingo. Taking the sloop Sally into Puerto Plata, he and his men captured the ship as well as a shore battery defending the harbor.   Spiking the guns, Hull departed with the privateer as a prize. With the end of the conflict with France, a new one soon emerged with the Barbary pirates in North Africa.   Barbary Wars Taking command of the brig USS Argus (18) in 1803, Hull joined Commodore Edward Prebles squadron which was operating against Tripoli.   Promoted to master commandant the following year, he remained in the Mediterranean.   In 1805, Hull directed  Argus, USS Hornet (10), and USS Nautilus (12) in supporting US Marine Corps  First Lieutenant Presley OBannon during the Battle of Derna.   Returning to Washington, DC a year later, Hull received a promotion to captain.   The next five years saw him oversee the construction of gunboats as well as command the frigates USS Chesapeake (36) and USS President (44).   In June 1810, Hull was appointed captain of Constitution and returned to his former ship.   After having the frigates bottom cleaned, he departed for a cruise in European waters.   Returning in February 1812, Constitution was in the Chesapeake Bay four months later when news arrived that the War of 1812 had begun.         Ã‚   USS Constitution Exiting the Chesapeake, Hull steered north with the goal of rendezvousing with a squadron that Commodore John Rodgers was assembling. While off the coast of New Jersey on July 17, Constitution was spotted by a group of British warships that included HMS Africa (64) and the frigates HMS  Aeolus (32), HMS Belvidera (36), HMS Guerriere (38), and HMS Shannon (38). Stalked and pursued for over two days in light winds, Hull used a variety of tactics, including wetting down the sails and kedge anchors, to escape.   Reaching Boston, Constitution quickly resupplied before departing on Aug. 2. Moving northeast, Hull captured three British merchantmen and obtained intelligence that a British frigate was operating to the south. Sailing to intercept, Constitution encountered Guerriere on Aug. 19. Holding his fire as the frigates neared, Hull waited until the two ships were only 25 yards apart. For 30 minutes Constitution and Guerriere exchanged broadsides until Hull closed on the enemys starboard beam and toppled the British vessels mizzen mast. Turning, Constitution raked Guerriere, sweeping its decks with fire. As the battle continued, the two frigates collided three times, but all attempts to board were turned back by determined musket fire from each ships marine detachment. During the third collision, Constitution became entangled in Guerrieres bowsprit. As the two frigates separated, the bowsprit snapped, jarring the rigging and leading to Guerrieres fore and main masts falling. Unable to maneuver or make way, Dacres, who had been wounded in the engagement, met with his officers and decided to strike Guerrieres colors to prevent a further loss of life. During the fighting, many of Guerrieres cannon balls were seen to bounce off Constitutions thick sides leading it to earn the nickname Old Ironsides. Hull attempted to bring Guerriere into Boston, but the frigate, which had suffered severe damage in the battle, began to sink the next day and he ordered it destroyed after the British wounded were transferred to his ship. Returning to Boston, Hull and his crew were hailed as heroes.   Leaving the ship in September, Hull turned command over to Captain William Bainbridge.   Later Career Traveling south to Washington, Hull first received orders to assume command of the Boston Navy Yard and then the Portsmouth Navy Yard.   Returning to New England, he held the post at Portsmouth for the remainder of the War of 1812. Briefly taking a seat on the Board of Navy Commissioners in Washington beginning in 1815, Hull then took command of the Boston Navy Yard.   Returning to sea in 1824, he oversaw the Pacific Squadron for three years and flew his commodores pennant from USS United States (44). Upon completing this duty, Hull commanded the Washington Navy Yard from 1829 to 1835.   Taking leave after this assignment, he resumed active duty and in 1838 received command of the Mediterranean Squadron with the ship of the line USS Ohio (64) as his flagship. Concluding his time abroad in 1841, Hull returned to the United States and due to ill health and increasingly advanced age (68) elected to retire. Residing in Philadelphia with his wife Anna Hart (m. 1813), he died two years later on February 13, 1843. Hulls remains were buried in the citys Laurel Hill Cemetery.   Since his death, the US Navy has named five vessels in his honor.   Sources: Biographies in Naval History: Isaac HullHeritage History: Isaac Hull

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Develop a Mission Statement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Develop a Mission Statement - Assignment Example This 11-words mission statement provides a succinct description about its mission that it proposes for 2015. As Blythe, Zimmerman and Zimmerman (2005, p. 34) pointed, a mission statement gives clear expression to what is to be achieved by the company, in what manner it will be achieved and why this is worth achieving. Hilton is currently the fourth largest hotel chain just behind intercontinental Wyndham and Marriot international. Hilton plans to beat its competitors by 2015 with its new mission to reach wider population by helping its customers entertain to rejoice evermore. For this target to be accomplished, the company would thrive on innovation and invest extensively on technology to bring latest technology advantages to hospitality arrangements. Though ‘technology’ brings everything customers want, still people are always very likely to entertain with ‘nature’. In order to satisfy customers who are concerned about nature as well, Hilton proposes to align technology to nature, and facilitate traditional natural amusements and leisure parks with any latest and highly sophisticated technology advances that Hilton can reach at. As its mission illustrates, Hilton ultimately looks at customers to fulfill meeting of varying requirements of customers in regard to entertainment with technology and natural advantages and thus to seize this opportunity for long-term profitability of the firm. ‘Technology’ mentioned in the mission statement certainly reflects the strengths of the company in relation to its extensive investment in research and development and innovative projects. It will keep on trying to change its business strategy and techniques by adding latest technology to its marketing opportunities. The statement is motivating to it stakeholders because it clearly defines its potential strengths and ways that it can grab marketing opportunities for leisure, entertainment and hospitality

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Media influence over people. How governments use media Research Paper

Media influence over people. How governments use media - Research Paper Example Many media sources opposed the U.S war in Vietnam because they saw it as a waste of time and resources. In addition, media held a sensitive attitude towards the war. Media had the authority to leave a long-lasting legacy memorable on the whole nation. For instance, such legacies were the scenes of the South Vietnamese police officer shooting the temple that had his hands held together behind his back. The media incarcerated huge audiences in every bit it could in that televisions captured helmeted cops associating with protesters in Grant Park and spread it across televisions nationally during the democratic convention of 1968. It is significant to note that media was biased in the sense that it failed to mention the increasing conformist trend among American youngsters in 1960s. Media was inclined to show American youths as peace volunteers, civil rights activists and pacifists which was not the case. How media portrayed the collapse of the wall of Berlin The portrayal of the media on the fall of the Berlin barrier was trivializing the wall event. Media manipulated the truth of the matter during the scene. For instance, when the Soviet Union started to totter, journalists claimed it was a verification that the risk of totalitarian communism had never been in existence, however that was no so as per the media claims. The leftists’ journalisms attached the capitalists for exploiting the newly liberated workers after the Eastern Europe gained liberation. This was alleged by a Los Angeles reporter who claimed that communism was good in old days when the state could press personal freedom but ensure citizens were sheltered, employed and hunger free. Media never ceased to shower Cuba’s communist authoritarianism with superior press even after the communists failed in Europe when it was really tough for Cubans. The same happened with the northern Korea where the CNN Ted Turner lamely defended the dictator Kim jing-li’s treatment on his citizens. People were malnourished, thin and starving yet Ted Turner claimed there were no scenes of any form of brutality. Taylor, F. (2006) states that the collapse of the Berlin fence was one of the most significant even in the history of the world since it led to the end of tyranny and human brutality. However, it is important to note that media could have done better than what it events did. For instance, it failed to bring this happening into a historical context. Portrayal of media on Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Square would always remain a political rally that turned into a bloody massacre as portrayed by the media. The scenes of brutal crackdowns in the Beijing square as china was the site of a pro-democracy student demonstration in1989; these events were aired and reported live in media all over the globe. The demonstration granted the media an opportunity for a telegenic foreign story that was easier for viewers to easily identify with. The government was so threatening that it stopped students from talking to the media. This was followed by an official news blackout and everything left in dilemma as reports were being threatened. Chinese citizens outside Beijing neither saw nor heard the true horror of the event, instead received official state versions that described the scenes as violent students demonstrator’s and angry dissidents attacking innocent government authorities. However, this was not the

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Insidious Film Review Essay Example for Free

Insidious Film Review Essay Insidious is terrifying in a completely different way than most horror movies. While the genre continues to creep toward exorcisms, thrill killers and the mentally deranged. It’s not out to scare viewers as much as it is to creep them out. The Lambert’s have just moved into a new house. Renai quit her job to focus on music and raise the kids, but the latter is proving to be more time-consuming than expected. There’s boxes to unpack, a baby who won’t stop crying and a husband who’s becoming increasingly distant. Josh assures her nothing’s wrong, but something feels off. She knows it. She just can’t put her finger on what. Unfortunately, that proof comes by way of a terrible accident. Oldest son Dalton goes exploring in the attic and lands on his head. Apart from a few bumps and bruises, he initially seems fine but fails to wake up the following morning. He’s rushed to the hospital where the puzzled doctors can’t figure out what’s wrong. He’s not in a coma. He just won’t wake up. Renai wakes up all the time. Anonymous eyes seem to be upon her. Something is inside the house. It’s sporadic at first, but after Dalton, still in his non-coma, is moved back home, the strange incidents start becoming more noticeable. Doors open in the middle of the night, alarms go off and there’s weird whisperings on the baby monitor. Tired, scared and fed up, the Lambert’s once again move to a new house, but their exodus only makes things worse. Bloody handprints are found on Dalton’s bed and faces appear in the windows almost nightly. After Josh’s mother witnesses a horrifying red-faced figure herself, she recommends the couple phone her old friend Elise. In preparation for her visit, Elise sends a two-man team of demon hunters to inspect the authenticity of the haunting claim. Scanning the ceilings for poisonous fumes to weed out the hallucinators and yelling at Josh for taking action figures out of their boxes, the Mutt and Jeff pair serve as a strange and wonderful precursor to their boss, who over-emphatically concludes there’s an epic problem at hand. Dalton is an astraltraveler. He leaves his body at night to voyage into the further, a sketchy realm where dead souls congregate, reliving horrors and coaxing the living into abandoning their Earthly bodies. There, he’s been taken prisoner by a devil-looking psychopath who climbs walls, listens to old wind-up music and wants to inhabit his body to embark on a murderous rampage. What makes the film work are the characters, the setting, the atmosphere and the really nice build-up of suspense and drama. Patrick Wilson is adequate as the troubled father and Rose Byrne is excellent as wife Renai. The film loses its edge in the second half as Wilson takes the helm, Byrne is the stronger of the two but is left with little to do or say and the weight of the film suffers as a result. The small cast works well and credit should go to Lin Shaye as the medium. Joseph Bisharas music score is exceptionally creepy and the lighting, make-up of the ghostly faces is enough to give some nightmares. What works well is that while there are computer generated shots, they are well designed and hardly a distracting. All in all, Insidious is not for everyone, but I highly recommend you to check it out. In five years, if I’m flipping channels and see any twenty second excerpt from this film, I guarantee I won’t need the guide to tell me I’m watching Insidious. Not many movies can say that.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Cave Paintings Essays -- essays research papers

The Cave of Lascaux and Cave Art   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cave paintings might possibly be the oldest known form of communication that exists today. Cave paintings date back to a period of time called the Paleolithic Age. The Paleolithic Age took place from 40,000 to 10,000 B.C. Prehistoric Age is divided into three parts: Paleolithic being the earliest, Mesolithic being the middle at 10,000 B.C. and Neolithic Age being the latest at 8,000 B.C. During the Paleolithic Age it is believed that the cave paintings at Lascaux, France were created.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lascaux, is located in the south central, western corner of France. In 1940 this cave was believed to be found by a group of four boys from Montignac, France and a dog while out walking through the woods. Allegedly the dog fell into the cave and would not answer the owners call. The boys came up to what appeared to be a dark rock but as they got closer they realized they was not the case, it was a cave. The boys entered in an attempt to find the dog and discovered one of the most important cave paintings now known to man. Lascaux quickly became a heavy tourist spot and was forced to be closed in 1963 due to the damage being caused by human beings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Lascaux this elegant cave painting is comprised of almost six hundred figures of different animals. The cave art at Lascaux is comprised of horses, bison, cattle and hinds as suggested by the Columbia Encyclopedia in its article Paleolithic Art. It is suggested that the art â€Å"may have a ritual significance to hunting†. (Columbia) These animal paintings in the cave vary in size but the bulls specifically range from thirteen to sixteen feet long.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is believed that these particular cave works were created sometime around 13,000 B.C. and have remained, for the most part, completely intact. This date is only hypothetical being that the process of dating these cave paintings is slightly inaccurate and limited. As talked about on the Lascaux Cave Official Website â€Å"the range of methods and tools used to date the cave art is somewhat limited, partly because the figures are not in a position favorable to stratigraphic dating most of the time and also because of the nature of the material used†. (Lascaux 11/25/04) Another identical method uses the pigment, which was found on the ground, to ... ...g these paintings. In researching this topic the student learned of the three prehistoric eras and what significance each had to later civilization. This student also learned of the possibility of a scaffolding and/or complex form that was designed to allow a person to paint on the upper wall or ceiling of a cave. This student also found it very interesting how the human body can break down these paintings and how it is hard for even scholars to gain entrance to these places. I think that these cave paintings paved the way for future art with ideas of ritual, creativity, preservation and expression. I feel that the people of this time were extremely intelligent in the fact that they were able to grasp some idea of preservation so these paintings could be viewed for years to come. I also feel that these people showed intelligence in a supreme being. If indeed these paintings are created as a ritual for their hunt then maybe they believed that if they perform this ritual this supreme being will provide them with a prosperous hunt. This topic I found very interesting and informative. Studying this topic really brought light to the existence of art even in the prehistoric culture.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Winning by Jack Welch

As the name itself suggests, the book is all about winning. Winning as a business, winning as a manager, winning as an employee and also winning in the personal life. The book is written in a way that is now popularly known as ‘blog-speak’. There are no jargons used and it’s a typical CEO type of writing. In the book, Welch touches a range of issues ranging from mission and values to Six Sigma in a very lucid manner. The book is a treat for anyone who really wants to know what it takes to make a great company and a great manager as it is written by a man who is known as the best CEO of America. The book starts with explaining foundation stones that an organization must have in order to become a winning company under the section ‘Underneath It All’. These are mission and values, candor, differentiation, voice and dignity. Welch explains all these requirements in detail, giving first hand examples from GE and other real life stories. The section gives fair and actual understanding of the cliched words like mission and values and methods of instilling them in the company firmly. After explaining about foundations Jack Welch turns the discussion to leadership in the Your Company part. He explains things needed in a strong leader. The leader should be able to convert organization’s mission into actions. He needs to instil values in the culture of the company. A leader should be able to appreciate and be adeptable to change. A function of the leader also includes picking winners for the company. The leader should be able to take tough decisions and manage crisis. The most important thing for a leader is to gain trust of the team. He should lead by setting examples and ‘leading from the front’. From the section, I gained a good amount of understanding about leadership qualities and how to actually get things done. After developing a strong leadership, the next step Welch suggests is knowing your competition. You must know what your competitors are doing, how they are doing it, and how to counter the attack. When you know what others are doing or are going to do, it will help you in developing your own strategies, which shall, in turn, translate into your budgeting for execution of those strategies. If you want to grow your company, there are two ways in which it can be done: organic growth i.e starting something new afreash and Mergers and Acquisitions. The company needs to utilize both in order to grow. Both methods require different but clear stategies. This section gave insight into the real running of a company. In the next section: Your Career, Jack Welch explains how companies recruit best employees. Its chapters talk about how to get the right job for you, how to get promoted and the likes. Welch also talks about work-life balance. The last part is about questions and answers that were discussed in a number of sessions that Jack Welch attended throughout the world. WINNING is a must read for anyone who loves business whether he is a CEO or a management student. The talk is quite straightforward, full of insights gained from first hand experience of running GE successfully for twenty years. The reader would find the quality that is emphasised by Welch himself – ‘candor’ in his writings throughout the book. Â   Â   Â   Â   Â  

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Know Your Right

Contract A contract is an agreement entered into voluntarily by two parties or more with the intention of creating a legal obligation, which may have elements in writing, though contracts can be made orally. The parties may be natural persons or juristic persons. A contract is a legally enforceable promise or undertaking that something will or will not occur. The word promise can be used as a legal synonym for contract, although care is required as a promise may not have the full standing of a contract, as when it is an agreement without consideration. Case : Hariram a/l Jayaram & Ors v Sentul Raya Sdn BhdSection 56(3) Contracts Act 1950: Effect of acceptance of performance at time other than that agreed upon Summary Mr Hariram (Plaintiff) agreed to purchase condominium units from the developer (defendant) under the sale and purchase agreement The defendant had failed to hand over vacant possession of the condominium units to the plaintiffs and to complete the common facilities withi n 36 months as stipulated by the agreements. For these reasons, and relying on the agreements, the plaintiffs contended that the defendant was liable to pay the plaintiffs a total sum of RM1,592,074. 9 as liquidated damages. In opposing the plaintiffs’ application, the defendant raised two legal issues for the determination of the court, namely: (i) whether s 56(3) of the Contracts Act 1950 (‘the Contracts Act’) would operate to exclude a claim for liquidated ascertained damages and (ii) whether the terms of the sale and purchase agreements can be said to operate to entitle the plaintiffs to liquidated ascertained damages in any event despite the provisions of s 56(3) of the Contracts Act as to the requirement of the relevant notices. 6 element of Contract . Offer. It is the definite expression (oral or written) or an overt action which begins the contract. It is simply what is offered to another for the return of that person's promise to act. 2. Acceptance. As a general proposition of law, the acceptance of the offer made by one party by the other party is what creates the contract. 3. Consideration. It may be money or may be another right, interest, or benefit, or it may be a detriment, loss or responsibility given up to someone else. Consideration is an absolutely necessary element of a contract. 4.Capacity of the Parties to Contract. In general, all people have a capacity to contract. A person who is trying to avoid a contract would have to plead his or her lack of capacity to contract against the party who is trying to enforce the contract. 5. Intent of the Parties to Contract. It is a basic requirement to the formation of any contract, that there has to be a mutual assent of the parties on all proposed terms and essential elements of the contract 6. Object of the Contract. A contract is not enforceable if its object is considered to be illegal or against public policy.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

The Last Night Analysis Essay Example

The Last Night Analysis Essay Example The Last Night Analysis Essay The Last Night Analysis Essay The Last Night At the beginning of the passage it is instantaneously established that the circumstances in which the two brothers, Andre and Jacob, are currently residing in are appalling. These would be the same conditions that most of the Jewish people would have been residing in prior to being taken to concentration camps. We are aware that the conditions are poor as Faulks tells us that ‘Andre was lying on the floor’ which implies that he has nowhere else to sleep, it also shows how exhausted he must have been as young boys would not normally be resting. We are also informed at the start of the passage that the boys are French-Jewish, by their names. As Andre lies on the floor a Jewish orderly comes round with postcards on which the deportees can write their final message. This shows us that a percentage of the Jewish people were collaborating with the Nazis, although the Jewish orderly would have been lower than the Germans they still had a sense of responsibility. This could have looked like a betrayal from the view of the rest of the Jewish people. Furthermore, even though the Jewish orderly has joined forces with the Nazis he is still sneaking postcards for the Jewish people to write their final messages on. This portrays a sense of loyalty from the Jewish orderly. Here Faulks calls the Jewish people ‘deportees’ which reminds us, after a pleasant picture of the Jewish orderly’s loyalty, that they are being deported by force. Following on from this we are told that they are to write their final messages on the postcards which again enables us to reminisce on the circumstances. Faulks does this by using the word ‘final’. This emphasises that this potentially could be the last thing that the Jewish people ever write which truly illustrates to us the reality of the situation. The ‘final message’ could also allude to Hitler’s final solution which would portray how the Jewish people were regarded and consequently the terrifying experience that they had to go through. However, the Jewish orderly does not take the postcards to send but instructs the Jewish people to ‘throw them from the train as camp orders forbade access to the post’. This not only shows us the collaboration from the Jewish orderly, as he would not help them any further. The Jewish people were told to throw their postcards from the train, this implies that they would throw the postcards from the train with the hope that a French person would find it and send it on. This reminds us that, although the French person may have sent the postcard on, there was still a great amount more of French people in France at that time rather than Germans. This shows us that the French people have subconsciously, or some consciously, collaborated with the Germans. Faulks then uses the same technique that he used earlier in the passage by creating a pleasant image for the reader followed by a glimpse of reality. He does this here by constructing a pleasing image of the Jewish people’s final messages being found and sent on to then remind the reader that they are in fact on their way to a death camp. As the Jewish people write their final messages we are informed that there are two or three pencils being passed around, pencils that had survived the barracks search. Yet again this gives us an idea about the type of environment that the brothers are in as Parisian buses can hold around four hundred people yet there are only two to three pencils. The fact that they are not even allowed to have pencils portrays how the Jewish people were treated. During this Faulks includes that the Jewish people had been through the barracks search which once more reminds us of their inevitable futures. How the Jewish people react while writing their postcards are really conveys their experience as ‘some wrote with sobbing passion, some with punctilious care’. The reader is immediately drawn to this as Faulks has used plosives within the sentence. This phrase shows us how people react differently in situations that they cannot control: one phrase is emotional and effective, the other clipped and precise. Furthermore they would have believed that this letter is how they would have been remembered and as we are later told they viewed that their safety almost depended on their letter. In addition the people writing with ‘punctilious care’ could refer to the novel for the reason that as Faulks writes he does so vigilantly because he has not experienced what he is writing about, therefore he needs to choose his language carefully, given the subject is a serious matter. A woman comes round giving sandwiches and water to the children. We are told that the children ‘clustered’ around the pail of water as they passed sardine cans from one to another. I think that you feel as though the woman is a caring person who would have made the children feel as comfortable as possible throughout; this conveys a pleasant image to the reader. Faulks uses the word pail instead of bucket which could allude to the loss of colour and furthermore loss of hope of the Jewish people. The children ‘clustered’ round the pail of water, while using sardine cans to drink from, once again presenting us with how the Jewish people were treated by the Germans. The sardine cans are passed from one to another which gives us the sense that they are suffering together and how the worst side of humanity can often bring out the best side of humanity. While the younger children are drinking the water an older boy embraced the woman ‘in his gratitude’ which shows us that he is so grateful that he feels as if physical contact was needed to get across his appreciation, which is very rare for a teenage boy. This shows us how this experience would have had a vast effect on peoples’ behaviour. Once again Faulks uses the same technique to remind the reader of reality, by leading on from the older boy showing his appreciation to telling us that the bucket was soon empty. The author now uses the word bucket instead of pail which could refer to the idea of a bucket list and the realisation that only a small percentage of the Jewish people would have made it out of the death camps alive. The phrase ‘the bucket was soon empty’ also seems to carry a resonance beyond its basic meaning. After the woman left we are told that the brothers fall asleep with ‘only the small hours of the night to go through’. This refers to how slowly the hours go when you are attempting to sleep; their lack of sleep also portrays the worry of the Jewish people. Faulks tells us that Andre was sleeping on the straw, ‘the soft bloom of his cheek laid, uncaring, in the dung. ’ The fact that Andre was sleeping in dung and on straw implies that the Jewish people were treated like animals as Faulks makes the comparison. Furthermore Faulks grants us with a pleasant image of the ‘soft bloom’ of Andre’s cheek which gives us a pleasing illustration within the unpleasant illustration of the dung in which Andre is lying. Additionally Andre’s limbs are intertwined with Jacob’s which also presents us with a pleasing image. These I believe show us that there is some hope, in terms of human contact, within a horrible circumstance. As the children slept, ‘the adults in the room sat slumped against the walls, wakeful and talking in lowered voices. Faulks describes how the adults sat as being ‘slumped against the walls’, I feel that this gives a sense of depression and also resignation which portrays the atmosphere within the room. The adults are talking with ‘lowered voices’ which demonstrates their thoughtfulness towards the children who have managed to sleep, the fact that the children are able to sleep reminds us of their innocence and therefo re the terrible circumstances that only a small percentage of the children will become adults. Such thoughts are inevitable, given the date of the novel (1999); Faulks only need to hint at such things. As the morning arrives water is passed around for anyone who is thirsty. We are told that anyone who did drink drank in ‘silence’ which I believe gives us a sense of the unknown as everyone is waiting and pondering as to what will happen next. As they drank there was ‘the noise of an engine – a familiar sound to many of them, the homely thudding of a Parisian bus. ’ Most of the Jewish people in the room would have taken these buses in their day to day lives, to go to the shops or to go to school; this shows us how something so familiar to them can change so rapidly to become something so unfamiliar. It is a ‘homely thudding’ they hear which is extremely ironic that they are being transported to be killed using Parisian buses; it once again gives us a sense of the collaboration between the French and the Germans. Before the Jewish people progress onto the buses there is a register taken. As the registration took place ‘five white-and-green municipal buses’ sat in the corner of the yard, ‘trembling’. The white-and-green municipal buses are not just normal French buses but the buses of the capital, you almost get the sense that the buses trembled as they were afraid of where they were going. The trembling could also represent the fear of the Jewish people. The word ‘municipal’ almost implies the buses are part of the collaboration in what was known as Vichy France. As a policeman called out names in alphabetical order the ‘commandant of the camp’ sat at a long table, not only does this again show us the collaboration between the French and Germans as it is a French ‘gendarme’ calling out the names but it also gives us an idea of what the Germans were like. It is almost as if because the Germans are calling their names in alphabetical order it makes the situation more respectable. It is bizarre how the Germans made mass murder organised. As the registrations takes place Andre’s name is called and he moves towards the bus with Jacob, this shows us the bond between the brothers and their instinct to stick together as Jacob’s name was not called. When Andre’s name is called it almost tells us that it was his destiny to be there, as if the register was a register of death that he could not have escaped from. While the brothers walked towards the bus we are told a woman was wailing from the other side of the courtyard and ‘from windows open on the dawn, a shower of food was thrown towards them. ’ Firstly Faulks portrays the awful side to human nature as it is ironic that it is now dawn which should mark a new day and new hope yet the Jewish people remain hopeless however Faulks then shows us the best side of human nature as a woman throws her own food to put the children’s needs before her own. As the woman calls the brothers name it shows us the loss of their identity as they would have no longer been called by their names but by numbers. Briefly after this Andre looked up and by ‘chance’ he saw a woman staring at a child, at first he believed that the woman was staring at the child with hatred however he soon realised she was attempting to fix a picture of the child so that she may have remembered forever. This shows us that, as Andre saw it by chance, there was luck within the awful circumstances however it also shows us how dreadful the circumstances were as a woman knows she would never see the child again and was trying to fix an image so that she could remember ‘forever’. As Andre ‘mounted the bus’ we are told that ‘he held on hard’ to Jacob, I believe that it is ironic that the Jewish people were mounting the bus which is a positive motion, yet they were being transported to their deaths. Furthermore Faulks uses alliteration as ‘he held on hard’, this phrase underlines the desperation of the brothers as you get the sense that they believe if they hold on tightly to one another it will protect them. Some children could not manage to get onto the buses as they were too small which highlights how young some of the Jewish people were and once again reminds us of the harsh reality that only a small percentage of these children would have become adults. Andre’s bus was momentarily delayed as a baby of a few months was being lifted into the back of the bus, this once again shows us how awful the situation was as the baby was so young yet the Germans would have not hesitated to kill it. The baby’s wooden crib was hung over the passenger rail; this is contradictory as the Jewish people are no longer passengers but prisoners. As the bus leaves the headlights lit up a ‘cafe opposite before the driver turned the wheel and headed for the station. ’ This shows us that all of this was done before the day began which shows us once again how organised the Germans were. Furthermore the headlights lit up a cafe which again shows great irony as cafes are a symbol of Paris, the city of love and hope, yet the Jewish people are hopeless. The driver turning the wheel could allude to the wheel of fortune as the wheel is headed for the cafe, an image of hope and joy, yet is turned the other way which will eventually lead to their deaths. I think that this passage was edited well, for the anthology, so that it leaves people wondering what happens next and also ends on the contradicting images of the Parisian cafe and the final destination.

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

30 Nautical Expressions

30 Nautical Expressions 30 Nautical Expressions 30 Nautical Expressions By Mark Nichol Last week, I listed fifty nautical terms originating from seafaring jargon but extended by analogy, with new meanings, to general usage. This roster includes idioms and expressions derived from nautical phrases, many of them originally codified as commands. 1. Abandon ship: an order given when a vessel is disabled or about to sink (give up on an idea or project) 2. All hands on deck: an order for all crew members to assemble in an emergency (a call for everyone available to be available to assist with an activity or event) 3. Anchor’s aweigh: a comment made when a vessel’s anchor is clear of the ocean floor and the vessel can leave its anchorage; sometimes pluralized to â€Å"anchors aweigh† and occasionally misspelled â€Å"anchors away† (a reference to being ready to go) 4. Batten down (the hatches): an order to secure hatches and doors and, when simply rendered â€Å"batten down,† all gear (prepare for criticism or opposition) 5. Bear a hand: an order to assist in the performance of an action (help) 6. Bear down (on): overtake (apply additional effort) 7. Bitter end: the last segment of a rope or chain (the final portion of a difficult or unpleasant task or occurrence) 8. Cast off: let go (remove or throw away) 9. Come around: turn into the wind (align oneself with another way of thinking) 10. Dead ahead: in front of the vessel directly along its center line (straight ahead) 11. Even keeled: well balanced said of a vessel (steady, even tempered) 12. Fend off: push off when landing in a boat so as to avoid damage or upset (defend oneself from others or keep them away) 13. Gangway: an area on a vessel for embarking and disembarking (a warning to move out of the way) 14. Gone overboard: fallen over the side (said of one who has veered too far from the norm in one’s actions or opinions) 15. Keep a sharp lookout: an order to be especially vigilant in watching for hazards (be alert) 16. On deck: present for duty (in baseball, taking one’s place in a special area when one is next up at bat; in general, next in line or about to be presented) 17. Pay out: steadily slacken a line (distribute payment) 18. Pass down the line: relay an order (convey news or information in a series or to others) 19. Pass the word: repeat an order (convey news or information to others) 20. Run aground: striking the ocean floor with the hull of a vessel (halted because of a lack of resources, or reached an impasse) 21. Set a course: steer the vessel toward the intended destination (specify policy or a course of action) 22. Shake a leg: make haste (move quickly) 23. Shoot across the bow: fire a weapon in front of a vessel to signal that it should halt, at the risk of attack if the warning shot is ignored (express a comment or perform an action that signals intent in order to determine the likely response to a subsequent comment or action) 24. Sound out: determine the depth of a body of water (obtain someone’s opinion or reaction) 25. Stand by: an order to await further commands (wait) 26. Stem the tide: steer directly into a current or waves (prevent a mounting force or threat) 27. Stem to stern: the forward end of the bow to the rear part of the vessel; the entire vessel (front to back, beginning to end, or all-inclusive) 28. Storm warning: an announcement of a coming storm (a harbinger of danger or threat) 29. Three sheets to the wind: sailing with sails unsecured (drunk) 30. Wide berth: a significant distance between one vessel and another (plenty of space) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:List of Greek Words in the English LanguageDozen: Singular or Plural?

Sunday, November 3, 2019

The general implications of launching a new product internationally IN Research Paper

The general implications of launching a new product internationally IN TERMS OF THE COMMERCIALIZATION PLAN - Research Paper Example Once a product is ready for production and has managed to successfully survive the development process, it immediately becomes possible for a business enterprise to attempt to turn the new product into a commercial success. Commercialization is generally described as being the cycle or process that is found to be involved in the introduction of a new method of production or end product into a given market with the aim of making a profit (National Research Council (U.S.) & National Materials Advisory Board, 1993, p. 13; Fortenberry, 2013, p. 266). During the commercialization process, a number of activities designed to aid in the sale and promotion of a product in both local and international markets are undertaken. Some of these include, the launching of the product and the subsequent heavy increase in the promotional and advertising activity of this given product in the market (Fortenberry, 2010, p. 284). It is also at this stage that the product’s distribution pipeline is se en to be filled with the product (Fortuin, 2007, p. 36). With respect to the commercialization plan, although there are a large number of key issues to be considered, there are in essence some key implications that can be seen to greatly affect the launching of a new product into the international market. These include; Companies can at times be forced to delay the actual launching of a given product in the market in the event that it anticipates that the product can be further improved before its launching, another key factor that can also cause product launch delays is in launching of a new product, the company risks critically cannibalizing the sales of some of its other products (Loch & Kavadias, 200, p. 392). Perhaps one of the most crucial determinants of the product launch of a given product in the international market is the situation in the global economy. The global economy is seen to be particularly sensitive to the influence of a large number of factors and while

Friday, November 1, 2019

Knowledge mangemen assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Knowledge mangemen assignment - Essay Example Of the numerous activities constituting the knowledge management process, the most commonly discussed is knowledge transfer or knowledge sharing (Al-Alawi et al, 2007). Hislop (2009) observes that in the first generation of knowledge management literature, organisational socio-cultural factors were marginalised, and were not taken into consideration. However, the significance of organisational culture in knowledge sharing behaviour has now been established. Employees’ motivation and willingness to share knowledge emerges from the organisational culture, which is defined as the shared, basic assumptions that an organisation learnt while coping with the environment and solving problems of external adaptation and internal integration, taught to new members as the right way to solve those problems (Park et al, 2004). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate how organisational culture can influence knowledge sharing behaviour in the workplace. Organisational Cu lture Influences Knowledge Sharing Behaviour While the strategies and the technologies for knowledge management enable the proper channelisation and dissemination of knowledge, the culture of the organisation directly influences knowledge sharing among employees. Knowledge sharing is also related to the importance given to intellectual capital in an organisational culture. In a rapidly developing economy such as India there is considerable emphasis on intellectual capital in various spheres including organisational knowledge management. Cheema (2010) asserts that education in knowledge management is critical for organisational managers and human resource personnel, and their leading with knowledge helps the organisation to achieve sustained competitive advantage in the growing global market of today. The key debates and the various perspectives in organisational knowledge management begin with the origins of the study of knowledge, or its epistemology, argues Hislop (2009). The proc essing of knowledge within the organisation, and its connection to human motivation are also essential factors. Social and cultural issues particularly those pertaining to the workplace, play vital roles in knowledge management and in the sharing of knowledge. Organisational knowledge is of a collective and shared nature, and its different dimensions are reflected in the dynamics of knowledge production and dissemination. Further, knowledge processes pertain to conflicts and politics at the workplace , which are inherent parts of organisational culture. They reveal the ways in which knowledge and power are mutually related, states Hislop (2009). Each organisation has a distinctive culture which reflects the organisation’s identity both in the visible and in the invisible dimensions. The visible aspect of culture is found in the values, philosophies and mission of the company, while the invisible dimension is formed by the unspoken set of values directing employees’ act ions and approaches in the organisation, state McDermott and O’Dell (2001). The critical success factors in organisational culture that influence knowledge sharing included mutual trust between employees, with a high expectancy of reliability of the promise or actions of other individuals or groups. Only when there is trust do team members respond openly and share their knowledge (Politis, 2003). Further, top

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Policy Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy Paper - Essay Example People can be born with deformities in their physical appearance or have some of their faculties diminished or missing. Features of such disabilities are deafness, blindness, missing and deformed limbs and diminished mental ability. Accidents also contribute immensely in disabling people especially work place accidents where accidents are caused in the use of machinery and equipment. Whatever the cause of disability, the different conditions that people find themselves in predispose them to discrimination in the workplace. This led to the need for a way to protect these people’s rights in society and in the workplace. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is seen as the first major legislation that addressed the needs and rights of people with disabilities in its Title VII article. The articles of Title VII address the plight of all people in the employment sector, and it emphasizes the need for equal treatment of persons with disabilities. This act led to the formulation of other laws and institutions that safeguard the rights of individuals in the employment sector. ... The law requires that employers provide appropriate and reasonable accommodation to a job applicant with disability as long as doing so does not cause significant expense or difficulty to the employer. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act forbids discrimination of job applicants in all aspects of employment that includes firing, hiring, job assignment and other conditions and terms of employment. The law makes it illegal to harass a job applicant because he/she has a disability or has relations with a disabled individual. Harassment does not entail physical abuse, but also offensive remarks that are severe leading to a hostile work environment. When verbal harassment results, in adverse employment decisions, it disposes the harasser to prosecution under the law (Rothstein and Liebman 56). The requirement by law that employers provide reasonable accommodation to disabled job applicants entails changing the work environment to enable the disabled individual competently carry out their dut ies. These accommodations include building access ramps for wheel chairs and providing interpreting equipment for those with sight and hearing disabilities. This provision in law also provides protection for employers in the sense that the employer is not forced to incur huge expenses while providing these accommodations.This falls under the undue hardship provision that states that an employer does not have to provide accommodation to a disabled job applicant if doing so would cause undue hardship to the employer (Rothstein and Liebman 34). Undue hardship occurs if providing these accommodations proves to be too expensive or difficult in light of the employer’s size, the needs of the business and their financial resources. The

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Waste Management Practices Of Mcdonalds Environmental Sciences Essay

Waste Management Practices Of Mcdonalds Environmental Sciences Essay McDonalds is one of the largest and most well known global fast food restaurants. Ray Kroc is the founder of the company in the year 1955. The company has been operating for 55 years and has 32000 restaurants chain in more than 117 countries. More than 75% of McDonalds worldwide outlets are operated by franchisees or affiliates (Our Company 2010). There are 1.5 million employees worldwide working to serve 50 million worldwide customers each day (McDonalds Restaurants Ltd, 2006). Over the many years, millions of people have patronage McDonalds because it is a trusted name with proven service. In returning that loyalty, McDonalds have an obligation to give back to the community (SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, 2010). McDonalds supports Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC), animal welfare, food safety and environment (SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, 2010). This essay shall examine how McDonalds has performed in the relation to the environment particularly waste management practices. The public of the current age are concerned about the amount of packaging and food waste produced by McDonalds restaurants (Better Packaging with McDonalds, 2009). A survey conducted by Keep Britain Tidy that about 29% of the litter waste on the Britain Street was come from the McDonalds restaurant (Gray, L 2009). Therefore, one of the best solutions taken by McDonalds is manage the waste through waste management practices, which is involving in reduction, reuse, recycling and disposal (Better Packaging with McDonalds, 2009). As one of the largest fast food restaurants worldwide, McDonalds has become an environment leader. Hence, McDonalds is determined to analyze every aspect of their business on their impact on the environment and according to the analysis and seek effective ways to enhance the environment. McDonalds is hoping to survive and stay in a cle an environment where the air, water and the earth are clean and as well build an environment sound world to the future generation (). McDonalds has done a variety of different as compared to the past and current performance. In the past, McDonalds used the polystyrene foam as packaging food. Many environmentalists dislike polystyrene foam because the production of foam will release out the chlorofluorocarbon, which can damage the atmosphere. The foam also to take long time to break down, if at all, in landfills, which is where most of it winds up because there are relatively few recycling centers ( ). Besides, McDonalds was required 46 grams of packaging in average meal- a Big Mac, fries and a shake in year 1970 (Case A: McDonalds Environmental Strategy, 1995). In addition, there was no industrial scale recycling before (Rose, 2009). Furthermore, McDonalds did not practice the exercise of converting the waste into energy. Nowadays, McDonalds has found many alternative ways to enhance the environment performance in term of the waste management practices. Firstly, McDonalds has replaced the polystyrene foam by the using paper based-wraps in order to reduce the waste volume in the waste management process (Better Packaging with McDonalds, 2009). The replacement is because of consumers demand and heeding counsel of environmental groups (Liddle, A 1990). McDonalds major markets, about 83% of the packaging used for food, beverages and other consumer purposes is made of some form of paper (McDonalds Worldwide Corporate Responsibility Report, 2006). Another is the reduced amount of material used in each item of packaging (our environment, 2008). Thirdly, McDonalds recycles packaging waste and recycles used cooking oil in waste management practices (Recycling in the restaurant Focusing on operational opportunities, 2010). Fourthly, proper disposal waste programs are been carried out to manage the food waste o nce the McDonalds cannot reduce, reuse and recycle the waste (our environment, 2008). Recent year, McDonald in UK has a trial tested out an alternative method of disposal, which by converting the food waste to energy (Managing the impacts of the leftovers, 2010). David  Fairhurst, senior vice president for McDonalds UK Northern Europe said that the converting waste to energy is encouraging that has already reduced the environmental impact in the area by 48% and significant step on achieving zero waste to landfill (Thomas, D 2009) Currently, McDonalds brings a lot impact upon the society and stakeholder. McDonalds replaces the foam to paper wraps, which make up 70% to 90% reduction in sandwich packaging volume (Better Packaging with McDonalds, 2009). Besides, McDonalds also reduce the amount of material used in the packaging, which indicate less raw material use and thus less solid waste produce (our environment, 2008). For example, in 2005, McDonalds redesigned the inside of North American fry boxes, which make up more than 1,100 tons packaging waste saved per year (McDonalds Worldwide Corporate Responsibility Report, 2006). Furthermore, McDonalds in Unite State has recycled over 17 tons of corrugate cardboard per year (Recycling in the restaurant Focusing on operational opportunities 2010). Corrugate cardboard represent around 30% of the total restaurant waste and as result of recycling, divert the amount of waste from landfills. McDonalds has an aim of achieving to recycle 100% of their corrugated cardboard (our environment, 2008). By the way, about 10% of the total restaurant wastes come from the used cooking oil and McDonalds has converted into biodiesel (our environment, 2008). McDonalds in United State has recycled approximately 13,000 pounds of used cooking oil per year. Currently, more than 80% of the used oil in Europe has transformed into biodiesel (Recycling in the restaurant Focusing on operational opportunities 2010). As a result, it is stopped the used cooking oil from send to landfills. (Please consolidate and present it in a more systematic way.) In addition, the trial of converting the waste to energy has been successfully reduction 54% percent of carbon emission as audited by the Carbon Trust (Brass, E 2009). The amount of waste save from landfill could be 65 tones if the restaurants continue implement this disposal. For the energy generate from the waste provide enough heat and electricity to the building (Managing the impacts of the leftovers, 2010). For instance, in UK the energy generate from the food waste, which able to power the 22 million light bulbs to community (Brass, E 2009). Now let focus on the advantages and disadvantages of McDonald practices in the waste management. The major advantage through the waste management practices is reduced the greenhouse gas emission. Methane especially one of the greenhouse gases which mostly generate by the landfills operation and bring harmful effects to the environment and human health. Therefore, the key factor success of lower down the gases emission is driven by the greater recycle wastes, increased amount of waste recovery and incineration combined with energy production (Improved waste management delivering climate benefits, 2008). Another advantage of the waste management practices is generated a livable environment to society (Waste Disposal Methods Advantages and Disadvantages n.d.). It is because people can exist and live in a comfort environment with free of waste. . (are there any scholarly proof to support this statement?) is to help to reduce the amount of waste. Through the waste management practices, Mc Donalds has send less waste to landfill and ultimately less waste occupy the landfill However, there are some disadvantages of the waste management practices. The major disadvantage is contaminated the environment (Waste Disposal Methods Advantages and Disadvantages n.d.). The utilities of papers as packaging especially are unfriendly to the environment in the waste management practice. It is because there will increase the environment impact in production of paper packaging item. An analysis conducted by the Franklin Associates, an independent environmental research firm that the production between polystyrene foam and paper toward the environment impact. The result show that the manufacturing of paper containers especially make up 46 percent more air pollution, 42 percent more water pollution and 75 percent more industrial waste than that of plastic. Made predominantly of air, paper requires 30 percent more energy to produce than foam (Eckhardt, A 1998). Therefore, the using of paper actually leads the pollution occur. Consequently, global warming especially occurs once the pollution getting severe and serious. Besides, the disadvantage of the waste management practices is influence the people health. The process of convert the waste to energy need go through the incineration, which may emit the harmful gases into the environment that hazardous to residents health, as the emission smoke is invisible and smelly. Undoubtedly, it brings the negative impact to s ociety (Krishna, G 2006). As conclusion, the waste management practices should be adopted to manage the waste in order to provide the healthy and clean environment to the society. The social performance of McDonalds in relation to the environment has tremendously contributed. Even though the elimination of waste from the fast food restaurants is impossible, some effective and efficiency of alternative methods should also seek in order to reduce and prevent the waste from being engulfed the earth. If the large fast food company like McDonalds does not control the waste produce from the restaurant and save the planet, people will surely perish themselves one day.

Friday, October 25, 2019

The Rise of Evil in King Lear Essay -- King Lear essays

King Lear:   The Rise of Evil  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   King Lear, the principal character in Shakespeare’s play of the same name, is a dominating imperious king. Though he takes initiative to disinherit his youngest daughter and exile his faithful friend, there is not in him the capacity for conscious and intentioned evil that is prevalent in his two elder daughters as well as in Cornwall, Edmund and Oswald. Nevertheless, there is a force in Lear that releases a movement of destruction in which evil does rise and momentarily take hold on the course of events. When Lear decides to renounce power in favor of emotions, the vital egoism in him which thrives on power rises up and asserts itself against the movement. It is the drive for power, attention, recognition, vengeance; the habit of assertion, anger, rage; the traits of pride and vanity that take hold of him and initiate a downward movement of destruction in opposition to the upward movement of the heart. The course of events that follows is an inevitable workin g out of these opposing movements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The vital egoism in Lear is a dominating force which permits the existence and expression only of itself and its own will. Whatever submits and satisfies survives, the rest must vanish unnoticed or remain unexpressed. Such an atmosphere is stifling to the natural growth of other personalities which require freedom for self-expression in order that they may outgrow what is primitive and childish in favour of what is mature and cultured. These psychological circumstances almost inevitably result in suppression and repression rather than growth. Instead of being expressed and out-grown the capacities for selfishness, cruelty and perversity in man get organised beneath the sur... ...ing. The evil in Goneril is organised in a developed mind, it is more self-conscious and more absolute. The undeveloped vibration of evil in Regan attracts a mate who can bring out its further development while the mature evil in Goneril attracts a mate to destroy it. Life supports every vibration until it reaches its full stature and then provides the necessary circumstances for its destruction or transformation.    Bibliography Casebook: King Lear, Edited by Frank Kermode, Macmillan & Co., 1969 Shakespearean Tragedy, A.C. Bradley, Macmillan & Co., 1965, Prefaces to Shakespeare Vol. II, Granville-Barker, B.T. Batsford Ltd., London, 1963 Shakespearean Tragedy, A.C. Bradley, Macmillan & Co., 1965 Casebook: King Lear, Edited by Frank Kermode, Macmillan & Co., 1969, p. 175. Shakespearean Tragedy, A.C. Bradley, Macmillan & Co., 1965, p. 231.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Nursing Theories and Profesionalism

Term paper on â€Å"Nursing care theories and models and their application to: 1. Adult health nursing† 2. Community Health nursing† 3. Reproductive Health nursing† A theory is a set of propositions used to describe , explain predict and control. Nursing theory is the term given to the body of knowledge that is used to define or explain various aspects of each profession of nursing. Levels of nursing theories. * Grand nursing theories. This type of theory has the broadest scope and present general concept and propositions.Theories at this level may both reflect and provide insight useful for practice but are not designed for empirical testing. This limits the use of grand nursing theories for directing, explaining and predicting nursing in particular situations . * Mid range nursing theories. Are narrower in scope than grand nursing theories and offer an effective bridge between grand nursing theories and nursing practice. They present concept and positions at a lo wer level of abstraction and hold great promise for increasing theory-based research and nursing practice strategies. * Nursing practice theories.Nursing practice theories have the most limited scope and level of abstraction and are developed for use within a specific range of nursing situations. Nursing practice theories provide frameworks for nursing interventions and predict outcomes and the impact of nursing practice. Types of theories. i. Descriptive theory : it defines properties and components of a discipline, it sorts out meaning and observations and sets forth what elements exists in the discipline it identifies and describes specific characteristics of particular people, groups, situation or event. ii.Explanatory theory: identifies how the properties and components relate to each other and accounts for how the properties and components related to each other and accounts for how the discipline functions. It describes relationships among various phenomena. iii. Predictive th eory: predicts the relationship between the components of a phenomenon and predicts what conditions it will occur but does not provide control. iv. Prescriptive Theory: addresses nursing therapeutics and consequences of interventions. Such theories designate under what conditions something should occur.Characteristics of nursing theory * They are interrelating concepts in such a way as to create a different way of looking at a particular phenomenon. * Logical in nature. * Generalizable. * Bases for hypotheses that can be tested. * Increasing the general body of knowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them. * Used by the practitioners to guide and improve their practice. * Consistent with other validated theories, laws and principles but will leave open unanswered questions that need to be investigated. 1. ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY FLORENCE NIGHTNGALEThe environmental theory is attributed to Florence Nightingale. The main focus of her theory is the con trol of the environment of individuals and families both healthy and ill. She discusses the need for ventilation and light in sickroom, proper disposal of sewage and appropriate nutrition. Her ideas about nursing have guided both theoretical thought and actual nursing practice throughout the history of modern nursing. Nightingale considered nursing similar to a religious calling to be answered only by women with an all consuming and passionate response.She considered nursing to be both an art and science and believed that nurses should be formally educated. . Application of environmental theory in: Adult health nursing Unnecessary noise is not healthy for recuperating patients. Nightingale advocated for a quite environment in the hospitals. Petty management proposed the avoidance of psychological harm no upsetting news strictly war issues and concerns should not be discussed inside the hospital. She includes the use of small pets of psychological therapy while nursing adult patients .Dietary intake- patients to be fed with clean food and water Light has quite as real and tangible effects to the body. Her nursing intervention includes direct exposure t sunlight. Control of room temperature- patients should be nursed at appropriate temperature With the use of Nightingales ideas hospitals became a place for people to recover rather Than a place to die. Community Health Nursing Warmth quiet and diet environment she introduced the manipulation of the environment for patient’s adaptation such as fire operating the windows and repositioning the room seasonally.Cleanliness and sanitation- she assumes that dirty environment was the source of infection and rejected the germ theory. Her nursing interventions focus on proper handling and disposal of bodily secretions and sewage frequent bathing for patients and nurses, clean clothing and hand washing. The environmental theory is utilized by modern architecture in the prevention of â€Å"sick building syndrome† applying the principles of ventilation and good lighting. Noise management- noise pollutes the environment making it unhealthy for people and can cause serious conditions e. . ear problems When for a reason hospitals did not hire their own nursing graduates nurses applied nightingales principles in the community in the development of public health nursing. Reproductive Health Nursing Good balanced diet is important to pregnant women in order to bring forth healthy children. Clean environment is an important aspect in child delivery to prevent postnatal complications; this is a clear application of the environmental theory. 2. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES. Developmental theories are called sometimes theories of growth and development.Development models emphasize processes of growth development and maturation. Focus is also on identification of actual and potential developmental problems and delineation of intervention strategies that foster maximum growth and development of people and th eir environment. The theorists classified under the developmental model branch include: 1. Sigmund Freud Freud proposed one of the best known grand theories of child development. According to Freud’s theory child development occurs in a series of stages focused on different pleasure areas of the body.During each stage the child encounters conflicts that play a major role in the course of development. 2. Erick Erickson Rather than focusing on sexual interest as a driving force in development, Erickson believed that social interaction and experience played a decisive role. His eight stage theory of human development described this process from infancy through death. During each stage people are faced with a developmental conflict that impacts later functioning and further growth 3. Jean Watson Caring is the most important aspect of nursing.According to Watson caring is when the nurse enters in to the experience of another person and another can enter into the nurses experiences (Watson 1989 pg 234) Her main concern in the development of this theory is to balance the impersonal aspects of nursing care that are found in the technological and scientific aspects of practice with the personal and interpersonal elements of care that grow from a humanistic belief in life. She openly recognized the clients and family’s spirituality and spiritual beliefs as an essential element of health 4. Madeleine Leininger’s Cultural care DiversityLeininger states that care is the essence of nursing a man caring and dominant distinctive and unifying feature of nursing. This model model emphasizes that health and care are influenced by elements of social structure such as technology, religious and philosophical factors, kinship and social systems, cultural values political and legal factors economic and educational factors. Along with the universal nature of human beings as caring beings, the cultural care values, beliefs and practices that are specific to a given culture provide a basis for the patterns, conditions and actions associated with human care.Application of Developmental theories: Adult health Nursing. According to Watson’s caring way, the theory helps in establishing a relationship of help and trust between the nurse and the client. Watson’s theory aids in the adult patients/clients nursing as they are able to express both positive and negative feelings with acceptance. It assists in whatever way deemed appropriate to meet the basic human needs of the client. Community health nursing Watson’s model aids in manipulating the environment to make it more supportive, protective or connective for the client with any type of disease process.Watson’s theory recognizes the client’s and family’s spirituality and spititual beliefs as an essential element of health. Reproductive Health nursing Developmental theories are useful in assessing whether a child’s growth and developmental stage is k eeping pace with his chronological age. Children falling outside the normal ranges need medical and nursing interventions. Growth and developmental theories are also useful to nurses teaching parents about what to expect from their children at certain ages and stages.Through the study of developmental theories, nurses understand and should remember that although knowing characteristic traits, developmental tasks and stages is useful, each individual is unique in style and behavior. 3. INTERACTIVE MODEL. This model emphasizes the importance of interpersonal relationships between the nurse and the person. It focuses on identifying any interpersonal problems and providing intervention techniques to promote optimal socialization. The leading theorists of interactive model include: Hildegard Peplau’s interpersonal theory.Her theory of interpersonal relations provides a useful framework for investigating clinical phenomena and guiding nurses’ actions. Her theory focuses prim ary on the nurse-client relationship in which problem solving are developed. Four phases occur during this interactive process: orientation, identification, exploitation and resolution phase. Throughout these phases, the conselling, leadership, surrogate, resource person and teaching role. Virginia Henderson’s Model. The foundation of Henderson’s theory is that nurses should focus on the patients rather than the task.The core component to Henderson’s theory is for nurses to help patients become self sufficient. She emphasized the importance of increasing the patient’s independence so that progress after hospitalization would not be delayed. APPLICATION OF INTERPERSONAL THEORIES; Adult Health Nursing Peplau’s theory is significant for practice in that it propelled psychiatric nursing from custodial based care to interpersonal relationship theory based care Peplau’s theory has provided an enduring educational for teaching the nurse patient rel ationships as a pivotal nursing process in all contexts of practice.The therapeutic nurse patient relationship promotes active participation of patients in their health care. Peplau’s theoretical work has also promoted a paradigm of professionalization and empowerment for educating nurses for the 21st century. Nursing education has been deeply affected by Henderson’s clear vision of the function of nurses. The nursing theories of Peplau and Henderson are commonly used by psychologists and psychiatrists as well as nurses in mental health clinic settings. They provide a framework for understanding patients’ reactions to illness, birth, deaths and traumatic life events.Henderson conceptualizes the nurses role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs. Community Health nursing. Interactive models are applied in the community as there is enhancement of social acts and relationships, through interaction of the commun ity members and the nurse. People are able to clearly identify any problems they may have and look for intervention techniques to promote optimal socialization amongst themselves. Henderson’s theory expects society to contribute to nursing education.Reproductive health Nursing. Marriage and family-This theory can involve marriage and family planning methods for adults. This process teaches abstinence and practicing safe sex until marriage. Nurses open lines of good communication to address the concerns the client has about preventing unwanted pregnancy. Family planning programs are available to young adults interested in practicing birth control techniques and abstinence until marriage. Nurses counsel on the choice of birth control, its use or change of use.As per Peplau’s theory, the nurse assumes the teaching role and assists couples in knowledge concerning the fertility cycles. 4. SYSTEMS THEORIES. The systems model of nursing views the person as a multidimensional being who reacts continually to a world of stressors. Systems may be closed or open depending on the amount of information coming in or out of the systems. Opens systems allow for exchange of information through their bounderies. closed systems refer to rigid structures in which minimal exchange of ideas are limited. Some theorists include King Imogene, Neuman and Orem.Imogene King. His theory describes a dynamic interpersonal relationship in which a person grows and develops to attain certain life goals. Betty Neuman Her theory is a nursing theory based on the individual’s relationship to stress, the relationship to it and reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature. The purpose of the nurse is to retain this system’s stability through the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Roy’s adaptation model. Roy’s model sees individuals a set of interrelated systems (biological, psychological and social).The individual strives to live within a unique band in which he or she can cope adequately. Nursing attempts to alter the environment when the person is not adapting well or has in effecting coping responses. According to The Roy adaptation model, the person has coping mechanisms that are broadly categorized in either regulator or cognator systems. Orem’s General theory of nursing. Orem’s theory revolves around a person centered model, in which the nurse identifies self care needs of the patient and then works as collaboratively as possible with the patient to meet those needs.The theory includes self care, self care deficit and nursing system concepts. APPLICATION OF SYSTEMS THEORY Adult Health nursing. King’s theory highlights the importance of a client’s participation in decision making that influence care and focuses on both the process of nurse-client interaction and the outcomes of care. Newnan’s system model is applied in attempting to restore the stability of the system using the prima ry, secondary and tertiary interventions. Neumann’s theory is also used in practice and in research.Its concentric layers allow for a simple classification of how severe a problem is the level of insult can be quantified allowing for graduated intervention. Today’s nurses use nursing diagnoses to describe patient’s problems. Orem’s self care deficits are well represented here. Roy’s adaptation theory is applied in nursing as it allows to assess patient’s stressors and abilities to cope. Nurses familiar with adaptation theories can help patients realistically appraise their stressors, examine their usual coping responses and if necessary learn new ones.By use of these theories in adult nursing, nurses can interact with the patients to facilitate achievement of health-related goals. Community Health nursing As people interact with others in the community, they must continually adjust to stressors’ in the internal and external environmen t Nurses can effectively provide care at the interactional systems level at which they deal with small to moderate-sized groups in activities such as group therapy and in health promotion classes. King’s theory offers insight into nurse’s interaction with individuals and groups within the environment.The role of nursing at the social systems level can be expanded to include involvement in Policy decisions that have an effect on the health care system as a whole. Orem’s self care deficit theory has been widely adopted in a variety of clinical settings like rehabilitation nursing, with its focus on addressing self care deficits in patients with physical disability or chronic illness and home health nursing which is aimed at making patients as safe and independent as possible in their own homes. Reproductive Health nursingParenthood and stress management-Nurses taking part in family planning are available with advice after delivery of the child. This postnatal care consists of feeding techniques, health concerns for the baby as well as for the mother. Nursing give needed counseling and support to mothers who might experience postpartum depression. These theories provide the necessary guidance to couples to handle the entire process from conception to birth so that the couple can make the most of becoming a happy and healthy family. Orem’s self care theory is applies in diagnosing various reproduction disorders.Reference: * Yema M. Luhahi, Nursing Theories and professionalism, NRSG 121:RN, BSN, MPH, Senior lecturer. * Linderg and al (1998) introduction to Nursing: concepts. issues and opportunities. * Barium Barbara (1998). Nursing theory: Analysis, Evaluation, Lippincott Williams and Wikins ISBN 978. * Allender J N:(2001)Community Health concepts and practice,8th edition. * Tomey A M Alligood. MR. (2002)Nursing theorist and their work(5th edition),Mosby, Philadelphia. * Memmott,Rae Jeane,use of the Neumann systems model in interdiscipl inary team.